FILIBUSTERING IN THE U.S. SENATE:

RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND MORAL ASPECTS

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About filibusters:

For over two centuries, a technique called a filibuster has been employed in the U.S. Senate. It enables the party in the minority -- or a senator with a position not shared by the majority -- to make their voices heard against those politicians who control the Senate. One or more senators simply talk endlessly, preventing the Senate from continuing its business.  Many people saw the effectiveness of a filibuster by watching the Frank Capra's 1939 movie "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington." Jonathan Turley of George Washington Law School wrote: "Standing alone on the floor of the U.S. Senate, young Sen. Jefferson Smith [played by Jimmy Stewart] refuses to yield to the corrupt plans of his powerful colleagues. Against all odds, he invokes the filibuster — the right of a single person to hold the floor against the world — as long as he can continue to stand and to speak. ₁ In the movie, he eventually swayed public opinion who pressured their senators. Mr. Smith eventually won his case, only 44 minutes short of a full 24 hours of talking.

People tend to have one of two viewpoints concerning the use of the filibuster:

In 2005-APR, it is the Democrats who are in the minority; many want to preserve the filibuster at all cost. It is the Republicans who are in the majority; many want to eliminate or at least reduce the effectiveness of the filibuster. In the past, their positions have been reversed, and their opinion of the filibuster switched accordingly.

Originally, a single senator could filibuster as long as he was able to stand and speak. Strom Thurmond (D & R, SC) holds the record. In 1957, he filibustered against the Civil Rights Act for 24 hours and 18 minutes in a vain attempt to deny equal rights to African-Americans. He only stopped after physicians warned him of imminent kidney failure. Under current rules, a filibuster can be terminated if a super majority of 60 senators can be found to vote in favor of cloture.

The problem in early 2005:

The Republicans only had 55 members in the Senate. That was five short of the 60 needed to invoke cloture, assuming that voting followed strict party lines. They would have needed a combination like all of their own membership plus at least five Democrats to terminate a filibuster. This is sometimes an impossibility, particularly over a situation that involves conflicting moral, religious or cultural ideologies.

Senator Bill Frist (R-TN) led a movement to essentially eliminate the 200-year old right to filibuster --"one of the longest congressional traditions in the nation's history.....Frist is proposing that Vice President Cheney, as presiding officer, should simply rule any filibuster as 'out of order.' Frist needs only 50 Republican senators to defeat any Democratic challenge to such a ruling." ₁ This plan was called the "nuclear option" by Democrats, presumably because of the disastrous implications for their party -- and for the Republican party if they become the minority party in the future. It was called the "constitutional option" by most Republicans who feel that, in the words of CNN News: "...forefathers never intended to let a minority of the Senate block a president's choices for judgeships." ₁₀

This proposal to eliminate the filibuster emerged in the spring of 2005 because of a problem confirming federal judges, who had been nominated by the president. This has been a chronic problem. "In President Clinton's second term, the Republicans confirmed 35 out of 51 nominations to the appellate courts. In Bush's first term, 35 out of 52 have been confirmed." ₁ This is a drop of 69% to 67% -- apparently sufficient to distress some senators. A difference in tactics by the two parties might have contributed to the "shock" of the Republicans: during Clinton's second term, Republicans tended to kill nominations in committee; during Bush's first term, the Democrats tended to kill nominations on the floor of the Senate.

Democratic senators \threatened to slow Senate activity to a crawl if their right to filibuster was removed. A few Republican senators were also concerned that tampering with the filibuster will harm the Senate in the future.

A compromise was reached between a group of senators from both parties. The Democrats agreed to let some of the nominees receive a straight up and down vote without a filibuster. They also agreed to limit the filibuster in the future to cases of extreme importance. In return, the Republicans agreed to let the Senate rules regarding filibusters remain intact as they had been for hundreds of years.

The future problem -- the U.S. Supreme Court:

The American public is deeply divided on just about every political, moral, ethical and religious concern. The Supreme Court is similarly divided. Over the past decade, an amazing number of such matters before the Court were decided by a 5 to 4 vote. For example:

The replacement of a single "liberal" Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court with a "conservative" one could reverse these and other decisions. This would have a profound effect on the American culture. Depending upon their political, cultural and religious views, some Americans would see the culture improving; others would see it degenerating.

This conservative/liberal split in the Supreme Court is paralleled by two conflicting ways of interpreting laws and constitutions:

It is generally acknowledged that President Bush will nominate three new justices later in his 2004 to 2008 term. He has indicated that  he will use Justices Scalia and Thomas as a model when selecting new nominees for the Supreme Court. Both are strict reconstructionists who interpret the Constitution and Bill of Rights as enduring documents. Although the debate in 2005-Spring over the Senate's filibuster rules are related to the appointment of federal justices, the background motivation may well be driven by future U.S. Supreme Court nominees. If President Bush is successful in having his nominees confirmed by the Senate, then court rulings which were decided by a vote of 5 to 4 might be regularly overturned by a vote of 7 to 2. If the nominees are young, their effect on the court, and thus on the country, could last for decades. The only way to block nominees might be the Democratic senators' use of the filibuster.

The Religious connection:

Religious and social conservatives have been distressed for some time at decisions by senior state courts and the U.S. Supreme Court on matters related to culture, religion and morality. Of particular concern were decisions by:

On Sunday, 2005-APR-24, the Fundamentalist Christian social action group, Family Research Council (FRC), will broadcast "Justice Sunday—Stopping the Filibuster Against People of Faith." It will be a nationwide simulcast to promote modifications to the filibuster rules in the Senate. It will be broadcast from the East Campus of Highview Baptist Church in Louisville, KY. Well known conservative Christian speakers include Dr. James Dobson, founder and head of Focus on the Family, Dr. R. Albert Mohler, president of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, and Chuck Colson, leader and founder of Prison Fellowship Ministries. The Massachusetts Family Institute commented: "We are experiencing a judicial crisis in America, as we have become a nation ruled less and less by the consent of the governed and more and more by unelected judges. Our judicial system can only apply justice fairly to all citizens when judges follow the law, and stop writing their own. The filibuster is a valuable tool of democracy when applied to legislation—as originally intended by our Founders—but not when it is hijacked for partisan attacks against qualified judicial nominees. The ‘Justice Sunday' simulcast will mark the beginning of a week in which citizens from around the country are asked to call their Senators and ask them to vote to stop the filibuster. It is very important that the Senate phones ring off their hooks if we hope to return the Constitutional standard of a simple majority necessary to approve judicial appointments. Some people believe this will be the most important vote taken in the Senate in 75 years. Certainly, we should keep it in our prayers." ₄

Many conservative Christian groups seem to be playing the "religion card." They are stating that filibusters are being directed, presumably by Democrats, at "people of faith." For example:

It is not clear whether the term "people of faith" is intended to refer only to conservative Christians, or whether it includes all Christians, all Judeo Christians, all theists, or all persons who are members of a religious organization.

Tony Perkins of the FRC repeats the charge that the filibuster battle is religiously based. He refers to filibusters as an attack by "a radical minority in the Senate" against "people of faith." He wrote on his web site: "

"Whether it was the legalization of abortion, the banning of school prayer, the expulsion of the 10 Commandments from public spaces, or the starvation of Terri Schiavo, decisions by the courts have not only changed our nation's course, but even led to the taking of human lives. As the liberal, anti-Christian dogma of the left has been repudiated in almost every recent election, the courts have become the last great bastion for liberalism....We now have a President who is committed to nominate judicial candidates who are not activists, but strict constructionists -- judges who will simply interpret the Constitution as it was written. We now have a majority in the U.S. Senate that will confirm these nominees. However, there is a radical minority that has launched an unprecedented filibuster against these outstanding men and women." ₅ 

Bob Edgar, the General Secretary of the National Council of Churches USA (NCC), posted an article titled: "Disagreeing Without Demonizing: NCC General Secretary Challenges Planners of 'Justice Sunday' for Attacking Fellow Christians." ₆ He challenges the actions of conservative Christians who are mounting an attack on the Senate's filibuster rules as "dangerous and divisive" to the nation's religious and public life. He said:

"We are surprised and grieved by a campaign launched this week by Family Research Council and Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, who said that those who disagree with them on President Bush’s judicial nominees are 'against people of faith'."

"This campaign, which they are calling 'Justice Sunday,' should properly be called 'Just-Us' Sunday. Their attempt to impose on the entire country a narrow, exclusivist, private view of truth is a dangerous, divisive tactic. It serves to further polarize our nation, and it disenfranchises and demonizes good people of faith who hold political beliefs that differ from theirs."

"To brand any group of American citizens as 'anti-Christian' simply because they differ on political issues runs counter to the values of both faith and democracy. It is especially disheartening when that accusation is aimed at fellow Christians. The National Council of Churches encompasses more than 45 million believers across a broad spectrum of theology and politics who work together on issues important to our society. If they disagree with Senator Frist's political positions, are these 45 million Christians now considered 'anti-Christian'?" ₆

People for the American Way, a liberal social action group, commented on 2005-APR-20:

"Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist will stop at nothing to push his 'nuclear option' on the American people. This Sunday, he is speaking via closed circuit television to thousands of church congregations organized by the radical right Family Research Council as a part of 'Justice Sunday,' a desperate and offensive campaign claiming that the 200 year-old Senate filibuster is being used to target people of faith."

"This is a campaign of religious McCarthyism. We must not let it pass without calling Frist to account for his pandering to the Religious Right and his unconscionable injection of religion into the business of Congress. And House Speaker Tom DeLay's recent threats against the judges in the Schiavo case make this all the more urgent."

"Frist and his 'Justice Sunday' allies want to clear the path for President Bush's extreme far-right nominations to the federal courts, including the Supreme Court. They can do it by nuking the filibuster, the last 'check and balance' against the majority's abuse of power."

"The independence of the federal courts is all that stands between democratic checks and balances in government and unchecked total far-right domination. That independence rests on our ability to defeat the nuclear option, which could come up for a vote as early as next week..."

"Radical Right groups have started running highly personal attack ads on Senators who do not support the nuclear option. They're pulling out all the stops now to force Frist to pull the trigger as early as next week!" ₇

Recent events: