Most researchers currently accept the belief that modern humans originated in
Africa about 200,000 to 250,000 years ago. Until about 8000 BCE, our ancestors organized themselves into
hunter-gatherer societies. Humans alone had developed the realization that
their life was finite; that they would all die. This resulted in the development
of the primitive religious beliefs. Societies which relied mainly on hunting by
men naturally developed hunting gods to worship. Those in which gathering was
more reliable generally created vegetative Goddesses. The importance of fertility in
crops, in domesticated animals, in wild animals and in the tribe itself were of paramount
importance to their survival. The female life-giving principle was considered divine
and a great mystery. Some Goddess statues still survive from this era. One web
site contains photographs of Goddess statues from circa 30,000
BCE to 1987 CE. 1
It is important to realize that many of these findings by archaeologists and
historians are speculative in nature. For example, the interpretation that the
old European culture stressed the female as divine is largely based on the
number of carvings of a female shape found from this era. Some point to the
relative lack of equivalent male statues as evidence of a Goddess culture.
Others suggest that the female statues might have been the old European
culture's equivalent of modern-day erotic photographs.
This "old European" culture lasted for tens of thousands of years in what is
now Europe. They generally lived in peace; there is a notable lack of defensive
fortifications around their hamlets. As evidenced by their funeral customs,
males and females appear to have had equal status. Many historians and
archaeologists believe that:
Their society was matrilineal; children took their mothers' names.
Life was based on lunar (not solar) calendar.
Time was experienced as a repetitive cycle, not linearly as we think
of it.
Many academics believe that the suppression of Goddess worship in Western
Europe occurred a few thousand years BCE, when the Indo-Europeans invaded Europe from the
East. They brought
with them some of the "refinements" of modern civilization: the horse, war,
belief in male Gods, exploitation of nature, knowledge of the male role in procreation,
etc. Goddess worship was gradually combined with worship of male Gods to produce a variety
of Pagan polytheistic religions, among the Greeks, Romans, Celts, etc. Author
Leonard Shlain offers a fascinating alternative
explanation. He proposed that the invention of writing
"... rewired the human
brain, with profound consequences for culture. Making remarkable connections
across a wide range of subjects including brain function, anthropology, history,
and religion, Shlain argues that literacy reinforced the brain's linear,
abstract, predominantly masculine left hemisphere at the expense of the
holistic, iconic feminine right one. This shift upset the balance between men
and women initiating the disappearance of goddesses, the abhorrence of images,
and, in literacy's early stages, the decline of women's political status.
Patriarchy and misogyny followed."
Goddess Worship during Biblical times:
Further south, as Judaism, Christianity & eventually
Islam evolved, the Pagan
religions were suppressed and the female principle was gradually driven out of religion.
Women were considered inferior to men. The God, King, Priest & Father replaced
the Goddess, Queen, Priestess & Mother. The role of
women became restricted. A woman's testimony was not considered
significant in Jewish courts; women were not allowed to speak in Christian churches;
positions of authority in the church were limited to men. Young women are often
portrayed in the Bible as possessions of their fathers. After marriage, their
ownership was transferred to their husbands. Yeshua of Nazareth (a.k.a.
Jesus Christ) rejected millennia of religious tradition by
treating women as equals. Women played a major role
in the early Christian church. Later, epistle (letter) writers who wrote in the
name of Paul, started the process of suppressing women
once more.
A feminine presence was added to Christianity by the Council of Ephesus in 431 CE when
the Virgin Mary was named Theotokos (Mother of God). But her role was heavily
restricted and included none of the fertility component present in Pagan religions. A low
point in the fortunes of women was reached during the very late Middle Ages, when
many tens of
thousands of suspected female witches (and a smaller
proportion of males) were exterminated by burning and hanging
over a three century interval. Today, respect for the Virgin Mary as a
sexually "pure," submissive mother is widespread, particularly in Roman Catholicism.
Sponsored link:
Modern Goddess Worship:
A renaissance of Paganism, with its worship of Goddesses and Gods occurred in the
middle of the 20th century with the re-emergence of Wicca (popularly called White Witchcraft,
the benign religion of the ancient Celts) and other
Neopagan traditions. Author Leonard Shlain believes
that an "Iconic Revolution" has been made possible by the invention of
imaged-based technologies, such as photography, movies, television, the Internet
and graphic advertising. "Shlain foresees that increasing reliance on right
brain pattern recognition instead of left brain linear sequence will move
culture toward equilibrium between the two hemispheres, between masculine and
feminine, between word and image." 1
Most Neopagan traditions worship the Goddess and God in balance. However, with the rise of feminism, new
Neopagan traditions Wicca have been created in which the Goddess grew in importance, and the role of the God
shrank into obscurity. One such tradition is Dianic Wicca.
The Goddess in both Goddess Worship and Neo-Paganism is often visualized in three
aspects: Maiden, Mother and Crone. Her aspects are mirrored in the phases of the moon:
waxing, full and waning.
The Maiden represents youth, emerging sexuality, the huntress running with her hounds.
The Mother symbolizes feminine power, fertility, and nurturing. The Crone is wisdom, the
compassion which comes from experience, and the one who guides us through the death
experience.
Goddesses have been called by many names by different cultures and ages: Anat,
Aphrodite, Aradia, Arianrhod, Artemis, Astarte, Brighid, Ceres, Demeter, Diana,
Eostre, Freya, Gaia, Hera, Ishtar, Isis, Juno, Kali, Lilith, Ma'at, Mary, Minerva,
Ostare,
Persephone, Venus, Vesta, etc.
Book References:
The following books are listed in alphabetic order by author. Books that we have found particularly interesting
are shown in bold.
G. Ashe "Dawn Behind the Dawn: A search for the earthly
paradise", John Macrae, New York NY (1992) Limited
availability.
Anne Baring & Jules Cashford, "The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution
of an Image," Arkana, (1993). We haven't read this book.
However, all of the Amazon.com customer reviews of the book gave it a
perfect five star rating. We were motivated to buy a copy for our
library. Read
reviews or order this book safely from Amazon.com online book store
Mary Condren, "The Serpent and the Goddess; Women, Religion and Power in Celtic
Ireland", Harper & Row, San Francisco, (1989) Read
reviews or order this book Out of
print but often available used.
Lawrence Durdin-Robertson, "The Year of the Goddess, A Perpetual Calendar of
Events", Aquarian Press, Wellingborough, England (1990)
Riane Eisler, "The Chalice & The Blade: Our
history, our future", Harper & Row, San
Francisco, (1988) A remarkable, life changing book.
Read reviews or order this book
Janet & Stewart Farrar, "The Witches' Goddess: The feminie principle of divinity", Phoenix, Custer WA
(1987). Describes the evolution of belief in the Goddess; includes brief descriptons of in excess of 1,000 Goddesses.
Read reviews or order this book
M. Gimbutas:
"The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe",
Harper, San Francisco, CA, (1991) Out of print.
"The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the hidden symbols of Western Civilization", Thames & Hudson,
(Reissued 2001) [Contains many images of Goddess and related figures]
Read reviews or order this book
B. Johnson, "Lady of the Beasts: Ancient Images of the Goddess and Her Sacred Animals", Harper & Row,
San Francisco, CA (1994)
Read reviews or order this book
T. Robbins & D. Anthony, "In Gods We Trust: New patterns of religious pluralism in America", Transaction
Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1993, P. 353-384. Limited availability.
Monica Sjoo & Barbara Mor, "The Great Cosmic Mother: Rediscovering The Religion of The Earth; 2nd
Edition", Harper, San Francisco, (1991) Very highly rated by reviewers.
Read reviews or order this book
"Ancient Mirrors of Womanhood: A treasury of Goddess and Heroine Lore from around the World," Beacon Press (1990).
Read reviews or order this book
Barbara G Walker, "The Woman's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets", Harper & Row, San Francisco, (1983),
P. 346-347, etc. Read reviews or order this book
Amazon.com's online bookstore lists the following books on the Goddess:
If you see a generic Amazon ad here, please click on your browser's refresh key.
The Re-formed Congregation of the Goddess-International,
provides "a spiritual, ethical and social structure
which is essential in validating women's experience." See:
http://www.rcgi.org/
The Danaan Press promotes Goddess Worship. [One of their memorable quotes from
their home page is "Any religion or philosophy which is based on the fear of being
tortured for eternity because of some godling's displeasure is psychologically
diseased.]" See: http://www.danaanpress.com
Mamaroots ™: Ajama-Jebi ™ is a not-for-profit organization dedicated
to "Afrikan Matristic Spirituality, Mythology, Herstory, Culture and Politics. It
is a positive network that builds stronger sistah-bonds, spiritually and culturally. It
"explores and shares issues and wisdoms that inspire our Afrapositive
Transpersonal process and growth as we awaken our
self-awareness to the AFRACENTRIK Principles of Spiritual Harmony." See: http://www.kalilight.com/
PaGaian Cosmology: re-inventing Earth-based Goddess Religion "...
brings together a religious practice of seasonal ritual based in a contemporary
scientific sense of the cosmos and female imagery for the Sacred." See:
http://pagaian.org/
Page Translator: