About the structure of the canonic gospels:There is an amazing similarity in the texts of the three synoptic gospels, Mark, Matthew, and Luke. They often use the exact same words and phrases to describe the same events. This, and other internal evidence, has led many liberal theologians to conclude that Mark was written first. They believe that Matthew and Luke were based on Mark, on a source documents of Jesus' sayings, and on material unique to each gospel. This source text, called the Gospel of Q, has not survived as an independent document, but can be reconstructed by analyzing the passages that Matthew and Luke have in common. Conservative theologians generally believe that the Bible is inerrant and inspired by God. Thus, since the four authors are discussing the same events, one would expect them to use identical passages.
Passages related to Judas in the Gospel of Mark:Writing about 70 CE (according to most liberal theologians) or circa 60 CE (according to many conservative theologians) the author of Mark wrote from a Gentile, Pauline Christian viewpoint. He portrayed Jesus' disciples, who were all Jews, in a very unflattering light:
This bias against the disciples may have been a reflection of the stresses between the Pauline Christian movement to which "Mark" belonged, and the Jewish Christian church in Jerusalem which had been organized by the disciples and led by James, the brother of Jesus. Some of this friction appears in chapter 2 of Paul's epistle to the Galatians, which may have been written as early as 48 CE. He refers to bitter conflicts between the Jewish Christians -- those "which were of the circumcision" -- and himself. Although the author only mentions Judas' activity in four passages, the disciple is clearly identified as a "betrayer." The word is used seven times! Some important factors:
The Gospel of Mark mentions Judas in only three passages, and implies his activities in a fourth.
Passages related to Judas in the Gospel of Matthew:Many conservative theologians suggest that this gospel was written by the disciple Matthew circa 37 to 45 CE. Liberals suggest it was written in the late 80s by an unknown author. James Robinson, perhaps the world's leading authority on the Gospel of Q believes that the Gospel of Matthew was written when the Jewish Christian group that had written "Q" merged with the Pauline Christians. He suggests that, as an ecumenical gesture, the Gospel of Matthew was created by combining the Gospel of Q -- a Jewish Christian document -- and the Gospel of Mark -- a Pauline Christian work, 1 along with some new material unique to this gospel. Again "Matthew" continually refers to Judas as a betrayer -- a total of eight times in four passages. He more clearly identifies Judas as responsible for the betrayal than "Mark" did. "Matthew" describes Judas as clearly motivated by money; he asks the priests for a financial reward in exchange for identifying Jesus. But, alone among the gospels, "Matthew" writes that Judas experienced remorse at his betrayal of Jesus, tried to give back the money, and hanged himself. The Gospel of Matthew mentions Judas in five passages.
Passages related to Judas in the Gospel of Luke:Estimates of the date when "Luke" was written range from the late 50's to the 90's, with most conservative suggesting earlier dates, and most liberals suggesting later. James Robinson suggests that the Gospel of Luke is also an ecumenical book. 2 There is a general agreement among most liberal theologians that this gospel is a combination of Mark's text, the Gospel of Q, and material unique to "Luke." The Gospel of Luke mentions Judas in three passages. There is also a reference to Judas in Acts, which was also written by the author of Luke
Passages related to Judas in the Gospel of John:This gospel appears to have been written between 85 and 100 CE. There is no consensus among theologians concerning what individual or group wrote the book. This gospel mentions Judas more often than synoptic gospels (Mark, Matthew and Luke) do. He thoroughly assassinatesJudas' character. The Gospel of John mentions Judas in five passages.
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