These laws criminalize hatred directed at individuals who fall into one or more classes. As for
hate-crime laws, these classes can include religion, race, sex, sexual
orientation, etc.
These laws are also controversial:
Some countries, like the U.S., guarantee nearly complete freedom of
speech to everyone. A person is not permitted to falsely yell "fire" in a crowded
theatre. They cannot threaten to assassinate the President. But they can
normally express hatred against persons of any race, religion, sexual
orientation, sex, etc. with impunity. They can even advocate
genocide
against another religious group, as two fundamentalist Christian pastors have in
Texas.
Other countries like the UK, some of its former colonies like Canada
and Australia, and many counties
in Europe restrict freedom of speech. Canada, for example, has had
a hate propaganda law in its federal criminal code for many years. In
2003 -- against strong opposition by
conservative Christians -- Parliament and the Senate passed Bill 250
which added sexual orientation as an additional protected class to the
existing law.