Standards have been in place for the proper citation of published works for many
centuries. High school students are increasingly expected to include properly formatted
references to the sources that they have used when researching their essays.
Unfortunately, no "definitive standard for the citation of...[Internet] resources
has yet to emerge." 1 At this time, there are a
number of "standards" being used.
Unfortunately, Internet web sites seem to disagree on the exact details of
these various formats. We recommend that you consult original source material in
the event that you are required to follow a specific format.
APA Format (American Psychological Association): 2
The format includes: Author or editor/ Year of Publishing/ Title/ Type of medium/
Producer (optional)/ Availability/ URL/ Access date (optional)
When publication date is not available, enter "(no date)"
Typical example: Robinson, Bruce. (2007, April 22). End of the World Predictions. [Online]
In Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retreived June 11,
2007 from http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm
Typical example: 9 Robinson, BA. End of the World Predictions
[Internet]. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance; 2007 APR 22, 10:55
UTC [cited 2007 JUN 11]. Available from:http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm.
Harvard style: 8
The format includes: Author's/Editor's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year.
Title [online]. (Edition).
Place of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable).
Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
Typical example: ROBINSON, B.A., 2007. End of the World Predictions [online] Ontario Consultants on
Religious Tolerance. Available from:
http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm [Accessed 1 June 2007]
MHRA Format (Modern Humanities Research Association) 9
The format includes: Name/ Title/ Title of complete work/
publishing date and time or last revision date and (if available)/ URL/
[accessed/
Access date/ ]
Typical example: B.A. Robinson, 'End of the World Predictions', Ontario Consultants on
Religious Tolerance, 22 April 2007,
http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm [accessed 10 June 2007]
MLA Format (Modern Language Association) 3
The format includes: Author last name/ Author first name/ Title/ Title of complete work/
Version or file number/ publishing date or last revision date (if available)/ URL/ Access/
Access date
Typical example: Robinson, Bruce A, "End of the World Predictions" Ontario Consultants on
Religious Tolerance, 22 March 2007.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm (10 June 2007).
Sponsored link:
ISO Format (International Organization for
Standardization): 1
The format includes: Primary responsibility/ Title/ Medium/ Subordinate responsibility/
Edition/Issue designation (for serials)/ Location/ Publisher/ Publication date/ Revision
date/ Citation date/ Series/ Notes/ Availability and access/ Other info./ ISBN or ISSN
number.
Typical example: Robinson, Bruce. End of the World Predictions [online] [Kingston, Canada] Ontario
Consultants on Religious Tolerance, [published 1996-03-03], [revised
2007-APR-22],[cited
2007-06-01]. Available from Internet:
<URL:http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm>
Lu and Crane (University of Vermont) 4
The format includes: Author last name/ Author initial/ Date of publication/ Title/ In
source/ Medium/ Available/ URL
Typical example: Robinson, B. (2007). End of the World Predictions. In Ontario Consultants on
Religious Tolerance, [Online]. Available: URL: http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm
M.E. Page 5
The format includes: Author last name/ Author first name/ Authors Email if available/
Date of publication/ Title/ In source/ / URL / Date of publication
Typical example: Robinson, Bruce. [ocrt4@religioustolerance.org]. "End of the World Predictions."
In Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.
[http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm]. Apr 2007.
About this web site's format:
You will note that we do not follow any of the above standards. We use a style all of
our own. Our website was launched in 1995 during the infancy of the Internet. So
we made up a style all our own. That is one of the nice features of the Internet: webmasters can make up their
own rules.
We usually include the author's name and the date of the latest update at the
bottom of each essay. However, this information is occasionally missing:
The author of all essays on our site is Robinson, Bruce or B.A. Robinson
unless noted. As one of the five volunteers in the Ontario Consultants on Religious
Tolerance, he does all of the writing; the other three mainly do research and prioritize
new topics.
To obtain the original date of publishing and/or the date of the most recent update,
please Email us
We strongly recommend a 4 digit code for the year and the inclusion of the name of the
month. Dates like 1-2-3 can be quite confusing, whereas 2001-FEB-3 or
Jan 2, 2003 are much less ambiguous. We use the former -- a hangover from our
main author's computing days when he cited dates and times as 2006-JUN-01
12:23:45. This made computer sorting much easier.
References:
Some of the following also have style definitions for discussion lists, newspaper
articles, FTP, Usenets, Gopher, Telnet, etc.