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Citing Internet references in essays

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Sponsored link.

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Background:

Standards have been in place for the proper citation of published works for many centuries. High school students are increasingly expected to include properly formatted references to the sources that they have used when researching their essays. Unfortunately, no "definitive standard for the citation of...[Internet] resources has yet to emerge." 1 At this time, there are a number of "standards" being used.

Unfortunately, Internet web sites seem to disagree on the exact details of these various formats. We recommend that you consult original source material in the event that you are required to follow a specific format.

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APA Format (American Psychological Association): 2

bulletThe format includes: Author or editor/ Year of Publishing/ Title/ Type of medium/ Producer (optional)/ Availability/ URL/ Access date (optional)
bulletWhen publication date is not available, enter "(no date)"
bulletTypical example:
Robinson, Bruce. (2007, April 22). End of the World Predictions. [Online] In Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retreived June 11, 2007 from
http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm

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Chicago style:

bulletTypical example: 9
Robinson, BA, "End of the World Predictions," Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm  (accessed June 11, 2007).

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CSE style (Council of Science Editors):

bulletTypical example: 9
Robinson, BA. End of the World Predictions [Internet]. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance; 2007 APR 22, 10:55 UTC [cited 2007 JUN 11]. Available from: http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm.

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Harvard style: 8

bulletThe format includes: Author's/Editor's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year. Title [online]. (Edition).
Place of publication: Publisher (if ascertainable).
Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
bulletTypical example:
ROBINSON, B.A., 2007. End of the World Predictions [online] Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Available from:
http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm [Accessed 1 June 2007]

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MHRA Format (Modern Humanities Research Association) 9

bulletThe format includes:  Name/ Title/ Title of complete work/ publishing date and time or last revision date and (if available)/ URL/ [accessed/ Access date/ ]
bulletTypical example:
B.A. Robinson, 'End of the World Predictions', Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 22 April 2007, http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm [accessed 10 June 2007]

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MLA Format (Modern Language Association) 3

bulletThe format includes: Author last name/ Author first name/ Title/ Title of complete work/ Version or file number/ publishing date or last revision date (if available)/ URL/ Access/ Access date
bulletTypical example:
Robinson, Bruce A, "End of the World Predictions" Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 22 March 2007.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm (10 June 2007).

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Sponsored link:

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ISO Format (International Organization for Standardization): 1

bulletThe format includes: Primary responsibility/ Title/ Medium/ Subordinate responsibility/ Edition/Issue designation (for serials)/ Location/ Publisher/ Publication date/ Revision date/ Citation date/ Series/ Notes/ Availability and access/ Other info./ ISBN or ISSN number.
bulletTypical example:
Robinson, Bruce. End of the World Predictions [online] [Kingston, Canada] Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, [published 1996-03-03], [revised 2007-APR-22],[cited 2007-06-01]. Available from Internet: <URL:http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm>

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Lu and Crane (University of Vermont) 4

bulletThe format includes: Author last name/ Author initial/ Date of publication/ Title/ In source/ Medium/ Available/ URL
bulletTypical example:
Robinson, B. (2007). End of the World Predictions. In Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, [Online]. Available: URL: http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm

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M.E. Page 5

bulletThe format includes: Author last name/ Author first name/ Authors Email if available/ Date of publication/ Title/ In source/ / URL / Date of publication
bulletTypical example:
Robinson, Bruce. [ocrt4@religioustolerance.org]. "End of the World Predictions." In Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. [http://www.religioustolerance.org/end_wrld.htm]. Apr 2007.

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About this web site's format:

You will note that we do not follow any of the above standards. We use a style all of our own. Our website was launched in 1995 during the infancy of the Internet. So we made up a style all our own. That is one of the nice features of the Internet: webmasters can make up their own rules.

We usually include the author's name and the date of the latest update at the bottom of each essay. However, this information is occasionally missing:

bulletThe author of all essays on our site is Robinson, Bruce or B.A. Robinson unless noted. As one of the five volunteers in the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, he does all of the writing; the other three mainly do research and prioritize new topics.
bulletTo obtain the original date of publishing and/or the date of the most recent update, please Email us

We strongly recommend a 4 digit code for the year and the inclusion of the name of the month. Dates like 1-2-3 can be quite confusing, whereas 2001-FEB-3 or Jan 2, 2003 are much less ambiguous. We use the former -- a hangover from our main author's computing days when he cited dates and times as 2006-JUN-01 12:23:45. This made computer sorting much easier.

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References:

Some of the following also have style definitions for discussion lists, newspaper articles, FTP, Usenets, Gopher, Telnet, etc.

  1. H.T. Coutts, "Citation Style Guides for Internet and Electronic Sources" at:  http://www.library.ualberta.ca/
  2. "Electronic Sources: APA Style of Citation," at: http://www.uvm.edu/
  3. J.R. Walker, "MLA-Style Citations of Electronic Sources," at: http://www.cas.usf.edu/
  4. Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane, Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information," Meckler, (1993) 
  5. M.E. Page, "A Brief citation Guide for Internet sources in History and the Humanities," at: http://www.stedwards.edu/
  6. The Yahoo search engine has a list of web sites which discuss Internet citations. See: http://dir.yahoo.com/
  7. A. Harnack, G. Kleppinger, "Beyond the MLA Handbook: Documenting Electronic Sources on the Internet," at: http://falcon.eku.edu/
  8. "Guide to Citing Internet Sources," Bournemouth University, 2004, at: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/
  9. "Citing Wikipedia," Wikipedia, 2007-MAY-21, at: http://en.wikipedia.org/

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Copyright © 1998 to 2007 by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
Latest update: 2007-JUN-01
Author: B.A. Robinson

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