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 | "If God does not judge America, He is going to have to apologize to Sodom and Gomorrah." Billy Graham. |
| "Yet they rebelled and grieved His Holy Spirit. So He turned and became their enemy and He Himself fought against them." Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament), Isaiah 63:10. |
| "God gently persuades all entities towards this perfection by providing each of them with a glimpse of the divine vision of a better future. And yet all entities retain the freedom to depart from that vision." Sheela Pawar, Center for Process Studies. 4 |
| "...God is so transcendent that he creates room for others to exist and maintains a relationship with them...God is so powerful as to be able to stoop down and humble Himself...(and) God is so stable and secure as to be able to risk suffering and change." Clark H. Pinnock, proponent of Open Theism. 6,7 |
Why do terrible things happen in the presence of God?
When a child is run over and killed by a drunk driver, the parents ask why it happened. They are not asking for an engineering analysis of masses, velocities, and forces. They are asking a moral question.
When an immense national tragedy happens, as in the case of the 2001-SEP-11 terrorist attack on New York City and the Pentagon, the whole nation and hundreds of millions of people in other countries ask why. Again, they are not seeking a description of the fireball temperature, the speed and mass of the airplane, temperature of the steel I-beams, etc. They are again asking a moral question.
This question leads us to examine our basic beliefs about the nature of the God that most North Americas believe in, variously called Allah, God, the Trinity, and Jehovah. Most religions teach that God has a number of attributes. Among them are:
| Omniscience: all-knowing, continuously aware of every movement by every person on earth. Thus God is aware of a tragedy as or before it happens. |
| Omnipotence: all-powerful; capable of performing any act, even those which violate the laws of nature. The first few chapters of Genesis tell how God created an entire universe by simply speaking it into existence. Thus God is certainly able intrude into the world and prevent a tragedy. |
| Omnipresent: God is present everywhere. |
| Omnibeneficient: A loving deity, who cares for the world, human beings and other life forms that he created. "God is absolute righteousness, love, goodness, and justice." 2 Thus, humans expect their God to prevent tragedy. |
But he didn't. About 3,000 lives were snuffed out in New York City, at the Pentagon, and in Pennsylvania field by terrorist attacks on 2001-SEP-11; this caused massive grief and pain to tens of thousands of spouses, partners, family members and friends. In 1998, tropical storm Mitch killed more than 130 people and made a half a million people homeless in Honduras and Nicaragua. Over 1,450 people died in 1999 during a earthquake in Taiwan. The death toll from the South Asian tsunami of 2004-DEC will probably exceed 200,000 persons of whom a substantial percentage were children. Hurricane Katrinia during 2005-AUG caused the death of over 1,800 people. About 25,000 people a year are murdered in the U.S. On the order of 19,000 Americans die yearly because of lack of health insurance. All of these events could be prevented, by an omnipotent, omniscient, caring God.
Why does God seem to behave like a very immoral person?
| A person who sees a child about to run into the path of a truck would be considered profoundly immoral if they didn't try to prevent the accident. God could have induced an irresistible urge for the truck driver to stop at a donut shop for a break and thus not be in the neighborhood when the child was on the street. |
| There are thousands of ways in which an omnipotent God could have terminated the World Trade Center and Pentagon terrorist attacks before they started. He could have sent the hearts of the approximately 18 terrorists into ventricular fibrillation; he could have struck them blind; he could have created an anxiety attack in each terrorist that would have prevented him from taking action. |
| God could have deflected the very destructive storm Mitch away from land. |
| God could have dissipated the energy released by the earthquake that generated the South Asian tsunami by spreading it among many smaller earthquakes -- none of which would have been strong enough to induce an ocean surge. |
| He could have replaced one large earthquake in Taiwan with a few non-destructive quakes. |
| He could have diverted Hurricane Katrina into the Gulf of Mexico. |
There are endless possibilities. But God let them all happen. Why?
It is these types of event that can cause some people to become mad at God and to lose their faith. But it drives others to examine their religious beliefs, and perhaps grow spiritually.
Theodicy: an unsolvable paradox?
Such puzzles lead us to the problem of theodicy -- how can such evil and suffering exist in a universe created by a good, loving God? This is a centuries-old, unresolved paradox that is inherent in all religions that include a belief in a personal all-loving, all knowing, and all-powerful God.
In Archibald MacLeish's play, "J.B." the title character expresses the theodicy paradox eloquently: "If God is God He is not good, if God is good He is not God; take the even, take the odd..." 1,2
Christian Fundamentalist R. Albert Mohler, Jr., president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, is considered by many to be a main spiritual leader of the Southern Baptists. He touched on theodicy during an address at the Seminary's Alumni Memorial Chapel on 2001-SEP-13, two days after the tragedy. 1
He assigned full responsibility for the attacks on the (then) unknown terrorists. He said: "We dare not lack the moral courage to call these acts what they are—murderous acts of mass terror. We dare not dignify the murderers by explaining their cause. No cause, however righteous, can justify such acts. And, no righteous cause could produce such acts."
Earlier in his talk, Dr. Mohler asked: "How could a good God allow this to happen? How can a God of love allow killers to kill, terrorists to terrorize, and the wicked to escape without a trace?" He acknowledges that God is omnipotent -- infinitely powerful -- and thus could have prevented the tragedy. He said:
"This much we know—we cannot speak of God’s decree in a way that would imply Him to be the author of evil, and we cannot fall back to speak of His mere permission, as if this allows a denial of His sovereignty and active will. And we know that God causes all things to work together for good to those who love God, who are the called according to His purpose." 1,9
He admits that humans cannot know the full truth:
"We dare not speak on God’s behalf to explain why He allowed these particular acts of evil to happen at this time to these persons and in this manner. Yet, at the same time, we dare not be silent when we should testify to the God of righteousness and love and justice who rules over all in omnipotence. Humility requires that we affirm all that the Bible teaches, and go no further. There is much we do not understand. As Charles Spurgeon explained, when we cannot trace God’s hand, we must simply trust His heart." 1
Many consider these answers to be unsatisfactory. They yearn for a more complete understanding of the puzzle. Theologians have been debating the theodicy paradox for centuries, without making a great deal of progress. It may be impossible to solve the puzzle while still believing in a God with traditional characteristics; it may be necessary to abandon belief in one or more attributes. Perhaps God is not (or chooses to not appear to be) omniscient, omnipotent, or loving. In fact, some Atheists have used the theodicy problem as a indicator or proof that a personal God does not exist.
Attempts to resolve the theodicy paradox:
Some religions have solved or partly solved this problem. Most do it by reducing or abandoning one of the attributes of God. A few religious leaders have admitted that they simply cannot solve the puzzle. This takes courage when faced with multitudes of people who desperately want answers:
| Deists believe that God created the universe, set it in motion, and then withdrew from the scene. He hasn't been seen since. They regard God as not having omniscience; he has not chosen to remain aware of what is happening on earth. Most of the writers of the U.S. founding documents were Deists. | ||||
| Zoroastrianism was once the
religion of ancient Persia. It remains a small religion whose members live largely in
India. Their religion has largely settled the
paradox. They promote a cosmic dualism between two more or
less equal forces:
|
The resulting cosmic conflict involves the entire universe now and until the end of time. Humans must choose which deity to follow. Angra Mainyu can generate great evil, like the terrorist acts in New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Here, Angra Mainyu would be seen as largely responsible for the terrorist attack; Ahura Mazda is powerful, but not all-powerful. Thus, he was unable to stop it. Some religious liberals believe that Judaism (and thus Christianity) picked up its belief in heaven, hell, the final judgment, and Satan as an all-evil entity, from Zoroastrianism.
| Conservative Christians, Muslims and
others believe in a personal
Satan, an all-evil devil who roams the world seeking whom he might be able to
destroy. Most evil occurrences are attributed to Satan. God is often viewed,
by Christians, as
providing a protective shield around Christian countries. But this is only a
partial answer to the problem of theodicy. It begs the question: if God
is omniscient and omnipotent, why did he not curtail the activities of Satan and prevent him from succeeding in his
plan to cause natural or man-made disasters?.
| ||||
| Mainline Christians and Jews:
| ||||
| Atheists have no problem with the theodicy paradox for the simply reason that they have no belief in the existence of God. Some positively deny that God exists. Atheists are generally moral relativists and conclude that a given act may be considered immoral by some people, morally neutral by others, and moral by still others. Within the terrorists' personal belief system, murdering thousands of people was a moral act because it strikes back against America -- a country that they often refer to as Satan. If they had a way to kill 60,000 people instead of 6,000, they probably would have taken it. They were so motivated by this belief that they were willing to sacrifice their lives to accomplish their goal. Bad things happen simply because people want to do them in order to accomplish what they feel is a great moral good. God does not intervene because, according to Atheists, there is no evidence that he exists. | ||||
| Process thought was originally promoted the early 1900s by a French philosopher Henri-Louis Bergson. Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne developed it further. It deals with the interrelationships of all entities in the universe. "It has been utilized to provide insights into aesthetics, biology, economics, education, interpersonal relations, physics, physiology, political theory, psychology, the relationship among the world's religions, social law, and theology." 4 One of the three main areas of process thought is process theology. It teaches that that God affects history indirectly through gentle persuasion and not directly by coercion. He does not intrude directly in human activities; he does not violate the laws of nature by creating a miracle. Rather, "God gently persuades all entities towards this perfection by providing each of them with a glimpse of the divine vision of a better future. And yet all entities retain the freedom to depart from that vision." 4 Individuals retain the freedom to reject God's messages and to engage in mass murder, genocide and other evils. | ||||
| Open theism, also called Free Will Theism is an alternative understanding of the nature of the Christian God. According to Dr. John Sanders: |
"God, in grace, grants humans significant freedom to cooperate with or work against God's will for their lives, and he enters into dynamic, give and take relationships with us....God takes risks in this give-and-take relationship, yet he is endlessly resourceful and competent in working toward his ultimate goals. Sometimes God alone decides how to accomplish these goals. On other occasions, God works with human decisions, adapting his own plans to fit the changing situation. God does not control everything that happens. Rather, he is open to receiving input from his creatures. In loving dialogue, God invites us to participate with him to bring the future into being."
In his talk referred to above, Dr. Mohler refers to "openness theists" who "argue that God is always ready with Plan B when Plan A fails. He is infinitely resourceful, they stress, just not really sovereign" in the conventional sense of the term.
In this belief system, humans are ultimately responsible for many of their deeds -- good and bad. When faced with a terrible tragedy, God accepts it and attempts to make positive results come out of the evil. God is not omniscient in the normal meaning of that word; he cannot foretell the future in detail because so much of the future is up to a complex interaction of countless decisions by individual humans, all of whom possess free will. God is only able to adapt to events and nudge the future along in what he feels is the correct direction. Openness theism is supported by more than 30 biblical passages in which God indicates that he does not control the future. In these passages, he repented of his previous decisions.
| Limited human perception: Some theologians and philosophers argue that Theodicy does not exist. There is ultimately no conflict between evil and an omnibeneficient, omnipotent and omniscient deity. They would argue that from our limited human viewpoint, we cannot see the broad picture. God is beyond time and is capable of seeing the past, present and future. If humans had the wisdom of God, we would not be arguing about theodicy; we would realize that God always works in a moral manner. |
Related essay on this web site:
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Why did the massive South Asian tsunami happen? Was God responsible? |
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Home page > Christianity > Christian personalities > God > here |
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or Home page > Religious information > God > here |
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or Home page > Spirituality > God > here |
References:
- R.A. Mohler, Jr., "Truth-telling in a time of tragedy: What words dare we speak, when we dare not be silent?," Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, at: http://www.sbts.edu/mohler-response.doc
- Archibald MacLeish, "J.B.: A Play in Verse," Houghton Mifflin, (1956), Page 11. Read reviews or order this book safely from Amazon.com online book store
- Harold S. Kushner, "When Bad Things Happen to Good People," Schoken Books, (1981). Read reviews or order this book
- Sheela Pawar, "Basis Synopsis of Process Thought," Center for Process Studies, at: http://www.ctr4process.org/WHATISPRCS/
- "World Press Conference from Mosque Maryam: The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan responds to the ATTACK on AMERICA," 2001-SEP-16, at: http://www.noi.org/press-events/
- Excerpt from Dr. John Sanders, "The Openness of God: A Biblical Challenge to the Traditional Understanding of God," Intervarsity Press, (1994). The book includes writings from five scholars. Read reviews or order this book
- "Open Theism Information Site." As of 2004-SEP-07 this site was offline.
- Jamie Lampros, "Church faces controversial issues," at: http://www.standard.net/standard/news/
- From Romans 8:28.
Copyright © 2001 & 2007 by Ontario Consultants on Religious
Tolerance
Originally written: 2001-SEP-15
Latest update: 2007-JUL-19
Author: B.A. Robinson
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