Human stem cells

Technique developed to
reprogram adult stem cells

Sponsored link.\

DRAFT VERSION; BEING EXPANDED

Types of stem cells:

Recapping information in this section of stem cells:

In late 2007, a technique was proven in principle that can reprogram adult stem cells so that they have many of the same properties and potential of embryonic stem cells. This may completely revolutionize future research techniques, allow government research funding to be increased, and offer hope to the approximately 100 million Americans who suffer from a wide range of debilitating diseases and disorders that may eventually be treated or cured with stem cells.

Reprogramming techniques developed:

In 2007-JUN, a medical research group led by Dr. Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University in Japan announced a new technique that reprogrammed adult skin cells taken from mice so that they exhibit many of the properties of embryonic stem cells. They found four genetic factors that reprogrammed the mouse cells in to "Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells. Their technique involves:

The four genes reprogram the skin cell to act in many ways like embryonic stem cells.

Two research teams announced publicly on 2007-NOV-21 that the technique has been replicated using human skin cells. Dr. Yamanaka's group reprogrammed skin sells taken from the face of a 36-year-old woman; their article appeared in Cell magazine. The other was a team led by Junying Yu, working with James Thomson of the University of Wisconsin who used cells from the amputated foreskin of a newborn; their paper appeared in Science magazine.

The technique is in its earliest stages of development. However, it may eventually result in treatments and cures for a wide range of disorders and diseases. It may allow the creation of:

The technique may revolutionize:

Only embryonic stem cells had earlier offered such promise; however they were plagued with ethical concerns. They also presented practical problems, like the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient number of embryos for large-scale treatment.

Sponsored link

Reactions:

"It's really quite remarkable. ... This is early days, this is proof of principle, but I think this is very encouraging that these cells are being reprogrammed into a state that has many of the properties of an embryonic stem cell. ......these two studies show, relatively conclusively, that at least in principle, ... you can take adult human cells ... and just by adding the right genes making a change in gene expression patterns, you can turn them into cells that, at least in culture, resemble human embryonic stem cells." ₂

"It's a bit like learning how to turn lead into gold."

"People didn't know it would be this easy. Thousands of labs in the United States can do this, basically tomorrow.''

"Dr. Yamanaka's work is monumental in its importance to the field of stem cell science and its potential impact on our ability to accelerate the benefits of this technology to the bedside. Not only does this discovery enable more research, it offers a new pathway to apply the benefits of stem cells to human disease."

Concerns:

The technique involves the injection of four genes into an adult cell that disrupts the cell's DNA. This may cause cancer. Dr. Rossant noted that the cells cannot be used in their current state for patient treatment. She said:

"We don't know how exactly to control the expression of these genes. It's not clear that these cells would be used for treating patients at this point. ... I feel that this area is moving very fast. There is a lot of potential for understanding biology of disease with this kind of approach. ..."

Political aspects:

President Bush's team is claiming some of the credit for the development of this technique.  On 2007-NOV-20, Karl Zinsmeister, the chief domestic policy adviser to President Bush, said in an interview:

"If you set reasonable parameters and offer a lot of encouragement and public funding, science will solve this dilemma, and you don't have to have a culture war about this." ₃

Dr James Thomson, said the restrictions placed on embryonic stem cell research may have slowed discovery of the new technique, since scientists needed to study embryonic cells first before they could figure out how to do the same thing without using embryos. He said:

"My feeling is that the political controversy set the field back four or five years." ₃

That represents a great deal of suffering and loss of life among the tens of millions of Americans if their future treatments and cures are thus delayed. ₃

Some suggest that because of the uncertainties related to this new technique, that attempts should continue to release embryonic stem cell research from its current federal funding restrictions.

"I don't think this changes the debate. We still need to encourage all types of research, and we need to put ethical oversight in place." ₃

"While this is exciting basic research, it could still take years to get this to work in humans in a way that could be used clinically. I cannot overstate that this is early-stage research and that we should not abandon other areas of stem cell research." ₃