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Religious intolerance

In Canada

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A general religious and legal overview:

Approximately 77% of Canadians identify themselves as Christians. This is close to the US figure. However, there are major religious differences between the two countries:

bullet Canadian culture is more highly secularized. The percentage of adults who "say" that they attend regular church, circle, mosque, synagogue or temple services is only about 20% and is dropping 1% point per year. In the US, about 40% of adults report attending regular services; that number is fairly constant. (Recent studies in which attendees were actually counted have revealed that these numbers are about double the actual number in both Canada and the U.S.).

bulletThe percentage of adults which are Roman Catholics is much higher in Canada (42%) compared to the US (28%).

bullet The two main Protestant denominations are both liberal (United Church at 19%, Anglican at 15%). The largest Protestant denominations in the US are the Southern Baptist Conference and other evangelical denominations..

The high ratio of liberal to conservative Christians is probably responsible the current status of "hot" religious topics in Canada. These differ significantly from the US:

bullet There are few active protests against women's access to abortion. Women can obtain abortions in every province except Prince Edward Island. The cost for women having abortions in hospitals is born by the universal health care system. Canada is believed to be unique, at least among the developed countries. It has no legislation limiting abortions. However, individual provincial medical associations do have regulations which restrict late-term abortions.

bullet Of the ten provinces, only one (Alberta) has no plans to expand provincial civil rights to include persons of all sexual orientations -- heterosexual, bisexual and homosexual. Canada gave special rights to heterosexuals in terms of marriage, until same-sex marriage was legalized across Canada in 2005-JUL, except for Prince Edward Island (PEI). PEI made same-sex marriage available only when threatened with a lawsuit. Sexual behavior between any two consenting adults in private has been decriminalized across Canada, including that by both heterosexuals and homosexuals.

bullet Canada has been spared many of the excesses of the anti-cult movement which targeted new and emerging religious groups, until it became discredited in the 1990s. Also, the conservative Christian counter-cult movement which attacks minority Christian groups with non-traditional beliefs is rarely heard from.

Canada's Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees freedom of  of conscience, religion, thought, belief, opinion, peaceful assembly, association and expression (including freedom of the press and other media of communication). Some results of the Charter (and previous constitutional documents) are:

bulletMost Canadians enjoy considerable freedom of religion.

bullet Although polygamy is theoretically against the Criminal Code, the Attorney-General of British Columbia until recently decided to not prosecute members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) -- a splinter Mormon group which practices polygyny. He felt that the province would probably lose a constitutional challenge because of the freedom of religion guarantees of the Charter. A hearing started in the British Columbia Supreme Court to test the federal anti-polygamy law.

During 2011-NOV, Chief Justice Robert Bauman released a 335 page decision, ruling that Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada -- the section that criminalizes polygamy and bigamy -- is constitutional. He acknowledged that it does restrict religious freedom and freedom of association. However, these restrictions are justified because of the harm that polygamy causes to children, women and society. More details.

bullet Separate religious schools have been guaranteed and financially supported by various provincial governments since Confederation. However the number of supporting governments is decreasing.

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Typical examples of religious intolerance:

bulletAnti-Semitic activities continue at a low but rising frequency.

bulletEconomic and physical attacks by individuals against Neopagans, who are open with their religion, once made them the most persecuted religious group in Canada, on a per-capita basis. Greater awareness of Neopaganism and acceptance of those Wiccans and other Neopagans who have gone public with their religious beliefs resulted in a massive reduction of discrimination in the 1990s and 2000s.

bullet From time to time, battles are fought in the courts over child custody by separated or divorced parents. A parent sometimes ends up being prohibited from teaching his or her religion to their child. That spouse usually follows a minority religion, like Jehovah's Witnesses or Wicca.

bullet Under pressure from the Roman Catholic church, the government of Quebec withheld the vote from women until the mid 1940's. This made the province the last political jurisdiction in North America to eliminate special rights for men, and extend the vote to all adults. The Roman Catholic church made an sincere apology to the women of Quebec on the 50th anniversary of women's suffrage in Quebec.

Recent examples of religious tolerance, freedom, liberty & intolerance:

bullet1997-NOV-8, Blainville, Quebec: Michel Pynard, a Jehovah's Witness was preaching door-to-door with his wife and daughter and three others. 1 Five of the group, presumably the adults, were fined on the spot for breaking a city bylaw which prohibits knocking on doors and preaching without a permit. Blainville is located about 30 minutes northwest of Montreal

bullet1995-1998, Newfoundland: Until recently, this province had four, government supported, religious school systems, but no secular public school system. Two public referendums and a constitutional amendment finally terminated government support for religious systems. Public schools in the province are now secular. The most recent referendum was held in 1997. 73% of adults voted in favor of the change. More details

bullet 1998-SEP-9, Nova Scotia: 229 people died in the crash of Swissair Flight 111 off of Peggy's Cove, NS in 1998. On SEP-9, an inter-faith memorial service was held to comfort the families and friends of the victims. Carolyn Nicholson, a minister of the United Church of Canada, was selected as the Protestant clergyperson to take part in the service. She maintains that the Federal government's protocol officer asked her and a Roman Catholic priest, to submit their parts of the service to the protocol office for advance approval. She believes that she was told to make no references to Jesus Christ, and to not use any readings from the Christian Scriptures (New Testament). 2 A Native Canadian was permitted to speak of her people's beliefs; a Jewish Rabbi read from the Hebrew Scriptures; a Muslim read from the Qur'an. But she and the priest read only from the Hebrew Scriptures. The Prime Minister stated on 1999-JAN-17 that no Federal employee restricted the content of the service. The situation remains a mystery.

bullet1999, Quebec: The province has historically operated two school systems: one Protestant and the other Roman Catholic. This arrangement was scrapped and replaced by two secular school systems: one French, the other English. This is viewed by many Christians as a restriction on their religious freedom. It is seen by many secularists as a major improvement.

bullet2007, Humbolt SK: Humboldt and surrounding communities had previously agreed to contribute $13 million for construction of the new Humbolt Uniplex, a large medical center that will replace the local 85 year old St. Elizabeth's hospital. The municipalities later decided to withdraw their support, if the new hospital is run by a Roman Catholic board. Although there might have been some religious bigotry involved in this decision, the main concern was over the Church's prohibition of family planning clinics, tubal ligations, vasectomies and other fertility-related topics. The Saskatchewan Health Region decided that Uniplex the will be run as a public institution rather than by Saskatchewan Catholic Health Corporation. 3,4

bullet2008, Toronto ON: Miss Canada Plus 2007 was invited to be a judge at the Miss Toronto Tourism pageant. The invitation was cancelled because the pageant directors considered her interest in Tarot cards to be un-Christian. The competition is a secular one, but the organizers are conservative Protestants. More details.

bullet 2012-SEP-05, British Columbia: David Harty, a spokesperson for Corrections Canada -- the agency of the federal government that operates the federal prison system, -- said that they had put our a tender for a Wiccan priestess/priest to serve the spiritual needs of Wiccans in prison. The job included delivering Wiccan spiritual services, pastoral counselling, and crisis intervention. He said:

"This has been put to tender because there is a need. The requirement of these services is on-going. It has been used in the past."

About one hour after the tender was announced, Julie Carmichael, director of communications for federal Public Safety Minister Vic Toews's office, said that the tender would not proceed until it is reviewed. She issued an email saying:

"Religious freedom is a paramount value in Canadian society. However, the government is not convinced all services offered through the chaplaincy program reflect an appropriate use of taxpayer dollars."

Meredith Kimber, 35, is Wiccan priestess from Nanaimo, BC. She said:

"Wiccan is so hush-hush, people hear the word witch and they freak out. There must be a high enough number within the inmates for this to be necessary."

Sam Wagar, 55, is a Wiccan priest who founded the Congregationalist Wiccan Association of B.C. He said:

"Wiccans are human beings. Some human beings screw up and end up in jail. They may still need the same kind of spiritual care as people from other religions who end up in jail. ... Everybody who isn’t a Christian differs from the mainstream. Big whoopee, get over it. We have a way of being spiritual, a way of connecting to the gods, a set of ethics, and beliefs and they help us to live our lives better." 5


bullet 2012-OCT-05, Canada: In the most outrageous and extreme government attack on religious freedom and tolerance in recent years, Federal Public Safety Minister Vic Toews has announced that the contracts of all part-time non-Christian chaplains ministering in federal prisons across Canada will be terminated as of the end of March 2013. The Canadian Anglican Journal commented:

"After that date, penitentiary inmates of minority faiths, from Buddhists to Wiccans, will have to rely on full-time Christian chaplains for interfaith services, religious counsel and spiritual guidance.

'I could never pretend to be Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist and Sikh and tend to the spiritual needs of all these different people,' says the Rev. David Price, an Anglican priest in Agassiz, B.C., who spent many years as a prison chaplain in the west. In his view, prison chaplains are essential and cost-effective 'midwives' who help offenders give birth to new selves and new lives before they are released back into society.

The cancellation comes after Toews, whose office oversees federal correctional institutions, said last month that he was not convinced part-time minority-faith chaplains were an appropriate use of taxpayer money and ordered a halt to the tendering of new contracts.

Julie Carmichael, a spokesperson for Toews said that while the minister strongly supports freedom of religion for all Canadians, including prisoners, the government 'is not in the business of picking and choosing which religions will be given preferential status through government funding. The minister has concluded … [Christian] chaplains employed by Corrections Canada must provide services to inmates of all faiths'." 6

An article about this event in the Globe and Mail received 200 comments -- an unusually high number in Canada. Some gems were:

Vlad The Inhaler: "Isn't this the government that just opened the Office Of Religious Freedom? I guess it only applies to OTHER countries. What hypocrites!"

Tim Bryson: "The meanspiritedness of Toews never ceases to amaze me."

mikes4: "Someone got the idea that they could fly a broom over the wall."

Mannlickher: "From creating an Office of Religious Freedom inside the foreign affairs portfolio to this in only six months. You have freedom of religion, apparently, as long as it's of the approved type. What a pack o' hypocrites."

Lthoth: "... if the concern is the use of taxpayers' money for this type of Corrections service, as the director of communications stated, why is the funding being withheld for only one religion? I'm afraid that religious bigotry has reared its ugly head. I don't believe that the Canadian people will let this stand."

Tewtree: "In the UK, most prison services have regular visits from Pagan & Wiccan chaplains. I met the local Anglican prison chaplain at an interfaith event recently, and he said that they regularly have visits from a Pagan priestess for their Pagan inmates. This has been happening for about 20 years, I think. Of course, right-wing papers sound off about it from time to time (and about Pagans in the military, and Paganism being taught in schools - to promote religious tolerance, obviously) but it's getting better."

RobM7: "You're either with the christians or you're with the pedophiles." 6


bullet

2013-MAR-19, British Columbia: The West Coast Prison Justice Society, seven Inmates in federal prisons in British Columbia (BC), and one prisoner who was recently transferred from BC to New Brunswick are suing the federal government over its decision to terminate the contracts of part time prison chaplains. The inmates follow the Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim Sikh, and Wiccan faiths. Their lawsuit against federal Attorney General Rob Nicholson and Public Safety Minister Vic Toews claims that only two non-Christian chaplains remain in all of Canada as of the beginning of 2013-MAR. There are none in in British Columbia. The lawsuit claims that: "Prisoners do not lose their right to freely express their religious and spiritual beliefs by virtue of their incarceration ..."

Julie Carmichael, a spokesperson for Vic Toews, said in an email:

"I can say that the Government of Canada strongly supports the freedom of religion of all Canadians. The government funds full-time spiritual advisers to provide services of any faith. Additionally, there are over 2,500 individuals who provide spiritual services to prisoners of many faiths on a voluntary basis. This approach supports the freedom of religion of prisoners while ensuring that taxpayer dollars are used wisely and appropriately."

The federal Government seems to be assuming that Christian chaplains can adequately counsel inmates of all religions. But many chaplains are from conservative Christian denominations, some of whom regard other religions as being led or influenced by Satan which are guaranteed to have the individual believers spend eternity being tortured in Hell. It is difficult to see how such a chaplain can remain objective about a non-Christian faith. 7

Related essays:

bulletSeparation of church and state in Canada
bulletConflicts in Surrey, British Columbia: apparently a unique locality
bulletConflict in Toronto, ON: over Tarot cards

References used:

  1. Canadian Press, "Five fined for preaching," 1997-NOV-9
  2. Various articles, United News, at: http://www.rockies.net/
  3. Lana Haight, "Rally hears of woman's tubal ligation fight. Debate over hospital includes fear-mongering, doctor tells crowd," The Star Phoenix, 2007-MAR-01, at: http://www.canada.com/
  4. "Catholics won't be allowed to run hospital," The Toronto Star, 2007-MAR-08, Page A8.
  5. "Federal Safety Minister Toews nixes Wiccan chaplain for B.C. prisoner," The Canadian Press, 2012-SEP-05, at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/
  6. Diana Swift, "Ottawa axes non-Christian prison chaplains," Anglican Journal, 2012-OCT-05, at: http://www.anglicanjournal.com/
  7. Dene Moore, "B.C. inmates suing over Ottawa’s decision to cut minority faith chaplains," The Globe and Mail, 2013-MAR-19, at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/

Copyright © 2002 to 2013 by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
Originally written: 2002
Latest update: 2013-MAR-21
Author: B.A. Robinson

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