The Y2K crisis
that never happened: Part 1
"Y2K" is a term meaning "Year 2000".
Quotations:
- "Trust the computer industry to shorten 'Year 2000'
to 'Y2K.' It was this kind of thinking that caused the problem in the first place."
Tony Poldrugovac
-
"Things will not break down all at once in early January
[2000] unless the power grid goes down and stays down. But the domino
effect will create ever-increasing institutional noise and confusion
throughout January and beyond. Your check will not be in the mail."
Gary North, Christian Reconstructionalist 1.Extracted from his web site on 2000-DEC-30! His predictions did not materialize.
There was not a single 2K problem. Many were predicted:Thousands of computer programs failed on 2000-JAN-1, but the
effect was minor:Almost all of the software failures and disruptions materialized in
aged accounting software used by countless small businesses. Very few major
failures were reported:
- A programming bug was reported in Britain near the end of 1999-DEC.
Bank computers started to reject credit card purchases. Their program
not only checked that the credit card was valid; it checked whether
the card would also be valid a few days in the future. When this day
fell in the year 2000, a Y2K bug sprang to life and rejected cards in
large numbers.
-
The "Criticall" system in Toronto, ON, Canada, failed on New
Year's day. This monitors hospitals and directs patients in
ambulances to emergency rooms that are not hopelessly
overloaded. It was quickly repaired. In the meantime, a backup
system was used.
- There were minor failures in monitoring systems at seven nuclear
generating stations in the U.S. None represented a safety problem or
caused interruptions of power.
- There were a few control problems at some airports which were fixed
quickly.
- Data from a U.S. defense department satellite was unusable for a few
hours in the morning of JAN-1; a backup system took over until the
system could be reprogrammed.
-
According to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,
the LDS Church, some minor problems were reported in parts of
Russia's telephone system.
- A computer system in South Korea issued court summonses to 170
people to appear for trial on 1900-JAN-4...or else!
- A TV weather map in France showed the year as 19100.
- The internal clock in a control system at a power plant in the U.S. Midwest jumped ahead
35 days. However, the electrical supply was not affected.
Sponsored link.
Failures occurred for one of two reasons:
-
In the early days of business computing, many programmers did not
see too far into the future, and took shortcuts:
- In those days, disk and memory space were costly, and so many
programmers used only 2 digits to record the year. For example,
they used 72 represented 1972. The problem is for 2000-JAN-01
and later dates, many of these programs would have decoded the new year as
1900.
- Other programmers used the year 00 or 99 to indicate an error
condition. They did not expect their programs to last until 1999
or 2000.
- Other programs stored the year unambiguously, but then
interpreted the year as if it occurred in the 20th century. So,
1972 was stored properly, but only the 72 was interpreted by the
program, which added a 19 prefix. In the year 2000, such programs
might have continued to add the prefix, resulting in the year 1900.
-
Still other programs will produce unpredictable results. 2,3
All of these deficiencies would have caused major chaos. However
most programs were either fixed or replaced before a Y2K bug surfaced.
-
As a convenience for persons entering dates form a keyboard,
programs were frequently written to accept only two digits for the
year. The program then added "19" as a prefix to the entered
date to generate a full 4 digit year. When these programs are run
during the year 2000, the operators will enter "00" for the
year and the program will add the "19" prefix to produce the
year "1900". One example is Windows 98. The Date tab in
"Regional Settings Properties (accessible from Start,
Settings, Control Panel) gave two dates, typically 1930 and 2029.
When a 2 digit number (e.g. 99) is entered, the system interpreted the
date as being between these years -- i.e. 1999. Unless these settings are changed,
a "30" year which may be intended to represent 2030 will be
interpreted as 1930. This bug paled in comparison with all the other bugs in Windows 98.
The American National Standards manual states: "2.3: Year
shall be represented as four digits with the option of omitting the two high order digits
(commonly referred to as century) as required in applications where century is to be
implied." Unfortunately, too many computer programmers felt that
it was safe to imply "19" as the century. They expected their
programs to be long gone by 2000. Many of these legacy programs lasted into the 21st century; a few are probably still
functioning on computers around the world.
Many companies neatly sidestepped the problem by upgrading their
accounting and process control software to entirely new standard programs
that are free of the Y2K bug. "Cynics claim the
millennium bug scare is being spread by certain computer supply firms which will earn huge
sums by selling pricey equipment they maintain is necessary to alleviate the problem." 4 Others have mounted massive projects to have programmers scan their
software - some of it decades old - and correct any problems. 
Sponsored link:
Currently used date notations will cause confusion for three decades: Traditionally, people have used two digits to represent years. Three
all-numerical methods are now in common use. February 15, 1999 in various
countries, was shown as:
- mm/dd/yy (2/15/99) This is a common notation in the U.S.
- dd/mm/yy (15/2/99) This is a common notation in Canada.
- yy/mm/dd (99/2/15) This is common internationally.
We play it safe on this website by defining dates like 2000-FEB-15. No
ambiguity is possible. However, it is not very efficient either. For years, there has been a confusion between the first two notations.
People are unsure whether the first number refers to the month or the day.
In the year 2000, there should be no more confusion than normal, because the
year will be clearly identified as "00". Unfortunately, starting
in 2001, years will be shown as 01 for 2001, 02 for 2002, etc. Much
confusion will be created. For example, consider 01 02 03. Does it mean
January 02, 2003 or 01 February, 2003 or 2001 February 03? This problem will
continue, in diminished form, until the year 2032. This is one of the
reasons why this web site always uses the unusual convention of a 4 digit
year, three letter month and two number day. (e.g.
1999-JAN-15) . This format, and the similar all numeric version (e.g.
1999-02-15), are clear and unambiguous. They are commonly used outside of
North America. The latter, all numeric, format is ideal for computers,
because it can be followed with the time of day, and facilitate
chronological sorting, as in: 2001-01-15 12:34:56.78
Personal Y2K problems: Although the average house probably has dozens of microcomputers imbedded in
various appliances, few keep track of the year, and thus did not fail at the
start of the year 2000. One exception might have been those computers in
some cars that keep track of the date of the next maintenance check. However,
the media did not report any failures. Some older digital watches and video
cameras may have needed their dates reset. Personal computers are a different
matter. New versions of programs that are Y2K compliant, and programs that check
PC compliance were made available. 5 A minor nuisance was experienced by many users of old versions of Web
browsers. They received a scary notice after 1999-DEC-31 that told them
that the certificate authority that identifies the site for encryption purposes
has expired. The browser worked as before. However, the same notice reappeared
until the browser was updated. Although updates are free, they sometimes took hours to
download over the Internet via a slow modem. Many small businesses suffered a failure in their accounting and billing
software. No programs at North American banks are known to have failed. ATMs/ABMs
continued to work without a hitch. Many North Americans kept hard copies of their bank and business
transactions, investments, payments, bills etc. just in case. The U.S.
federal government set up a consumer hotline at 1-888-USA-4-Y2K and a web site at http://www.y2k.gov. Micro Support Bureau had an online list
of "software to check/fix/report on Y2K issues" on your PC. 6 Microsoft had a web site to help people update
their Microsoft products to be year 2000 compatible. 7
References:The following information sources were used to prepare and update the above
essay. The hyperlinks are not necessarily still active today. In fact, many date from the infancy of the Internet and have probably disappeared long ago.
- "Gary North's Y2K links
and forums: The Year 2000 problem: The year the earth stands still."
This was at: http://www.garynorth.com.
The URL has since been taken over by an unrelated site. However, mirror
copies of the original essay are available at:
http://www.dishangel.com/y2k/
and http://www.swikull.com/north/
-
Dr. Ed. Yardeni, Center for Cybereconomics, at http://www.yardeni.com/cyber.html
-
Class solutions, "What is the Year 2000 problem and how does it affect
VB?" at: http://www.class-solutions.com/whatis.htm
The first half of this well written article describes the Y2K problem clearly and
completely. The second part relates to Visual Basic programs.
-
June Bearzi, "Millennium computer fear is a scam,"
The Star, 1997-AUG-4, at: http://www2.inc.co.za/Archives/Jan97toAug97/
-
D.L. Dewey, "Y2K Is it Doomsday?" 1999-JAN-2 Food for Thought
column at: http://www.dldewey.com
-
Micro Support bureau, "Y2K the Millennium Bug," at: http://www.microsupport.com/y2k.htm
-
Microsoft web site for Y2000 upgrades is at: http://www.microsoft.com/y2k
Copyright © 1998 to 2014by Ontario Consultants on
Religious Tolerance
Latest update: 2014-DEC-04
Author: B.A. Robinson
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