Past and current activities concerning same-
sex marriages
(a.k.a. gay marriages, SSM),
across the U.S. and the rest of the world.
In this web site, the acronym "SSM" refers to same-sex marriage. This term is the most
accurate
because it includes same-sex marriages that include one or two bisexuals.
However, our
use of "gay marriage" improves search engines' access to this web site.
"LGBT" refers to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender/Transsexual community.
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Front page of the New York Times on Saturday, 2015-JUN-27, one
day after the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on same-sex marriage.
Two column headings say:
"Forceful Dissents From the Court And Nation"
Historic Day for Gay Rights, but a Twinge of Loss for Gay Culture"
Current status in the United States.
After 2015-NOV, marriage had become generally available to same-sex couples throughout the 50 states, and District of Columbia, and four out of five territories. The exception remains American Samoa where most of the population are American residents, not American Citizens. As a result, not all decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court apply in that territory.
During 2016, there were still holdouts in a few counties where county clerks are valuing their faith group's religious beliefs above their oath of office, their promise to uphold the U.S. Constitution, and their obligation to obey the Golden Rule. They are refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. This was not too serious a problem in practice because, in most or all cases, same-sex couples can simply travel to another nearby county within their state to pick up their license. By mid-2018, when this disclaimer was last updated, if there are any clerks still refusing to issue such licenses, they seem to be largely ignored by the media.
One exception ocurred in Root, NY which is located west of Schenectady and northwest of Albany. An engaged same-sex couple, Dylan Toften and Thomas Hurd, approached the town clerk, Laurel "Sherrie" Eriksen during mid-2018 to purchase a marriage license. No news outlet appears to have reported the exact date. She refused to issue a license because her sincere religious beliefs called for her to discriminate against persons with a homosexual orientation. Also, they had not made an advance appointment with her. She recommended that they make an appointment with the deputy town clerk who does not share her religious need to discriminate. The couple then drove 13 miles to Cobleskill, NY where they obtained a marriage license.
Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo (D) has directed the state government's Division of Human Rights to look into the matter. He also asked the couple to visit him in Albany and offered to officiate at their wedding. Gov. Cuomo said:
"Personally, I cannot believe that this could happen anywhere in this country, let alone in the state of New York." 19
The Gallup Poll found that approval of gay marriage had reached about 63% in 2017 20 and more than two out of three (67%) in 2018. 21 This includes 83% of Democrats, 71% of Independents and 44% of Republicans. 21 Youths currently in high schools are the first generation where the majority have close friendships with gay/lesbian youths who are fellow students or close family members. They are reaching an understanding of sexual orientation that is far superior to previous generations. Future adult support for same-sex marriage can only increase as these students age.
The Most Rev. Katharine Jefferts Schori, the Presiding Bishop of The Episcopal Church, offered a thoughtful survey on marriage:
Bishop Schori discussed how marriage was viewed from biblical times until shortly after voters in California voted very narrowly in 2008-NOV to continue to restrict marriage in that state to one woman & one man:
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Some current really "hot topics" about same-sex marriage (SSM) (a.k.a. gay marriage or marriage equality):
SSM appeared to be the most prominent religious conflict in the U.S. during most of 2015, surpassing even abortion access.
1990 to now: An overview listing the main events in the battle for marriage equality in the U.S. & the rest of the world: Part 1Part 2
2014-SEP: Launching of a new non-profit group: Evangelicals for Marriage Equality: Part 1Part 2
2014-OCT: U.S. Supreme Court refuses to hear appeals from three Circuit Courts, As a result, marriage equality came to 11 states: Part 1 Part 2
2015-JAN to JUN: The U.S. Supreme Court accepted repeals of SSM cases from KY, MI, OH, & TN in a consolidated case: Obergefell v. Hodges The high court legalized gay marriage across the U.S. States gradually responded by allowing same-sex couples to marry. As of 2015-NOV, same-sex couples can obtain marriage licenses and marry in in all 50 states, four territories and the District of Columbia. However, they may have to travel to an adjacent county to get a license, because a few county clerks may be still refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The main exception is the Territory of American Samoa in the Pacific Ocean.
In a court case filed by two women -- Kavita Arora and Ankita Khanna -- the government of India opposed their same-sex marriage, telling the Delhi High Court that a family is a "union of biological man and woman." Thus, same-sex couples cannot claim a funamental right for same-sex marriage." The government said: "Living together as partners and having sexual relationship by same sex individual is not comparable with Indian family unit concept of a husband, wife & children which necessarily presuppose a biological man as ‘husband’, a biological woman as ‘wife’ and children born out of union.
Marriage equality -- creating the right for loving, committed same-sex couples to marry -- has become established in a growing number of countries. The Netherlands was the first during 2001. The U.S. Supreme Court legalized gay marriage across the entire country on 2015-JUN-26. The 13 states that had banned it gradually fell in line with the court ruling..
Among major English speaking countries, only Northern Ireland has not taken this step. Public support for SSM is quite high in this country and debate is active there.
On 2017-DEC-07, the Australian Government was the most recent to legalize same-sex marriage. They had conducted a postal survey on gay marriage among all enrolled electors. (In Australia, voting is compulsory, so that about 96% of the eligible population is entrolled). An incredible 79.5% of eligible voters returned their volunteer survey cards. 61.5% favored marriage equality; 38.4% favored denying same-sex couples the right to marry.
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Color coding: For same-sex couples:
Dark blue: Marriages can be solemnized now.
Blue: Civil unions or domestic partnersipes are available
Green: Marriages solemnized elsewhere can be recognized.
Orange: Same-sex couples became ableto marry n 2018.
Gray: Countries that do not yet allow same-sex marriages.
The following countries have made marriage available for same-sex couples. In order by year, they were:
2001: The Netherlands.
2001: Belgium.
2005: Canada (the first country in the western hemisphere and the first in North America) and Spain.
2006: South Africa (the first country in Africa).
2009: Norway and Sweden.
2010: Argentina, Iceland, and Portugal.
2012: Denmark.
2013: Brazil, France, New Zealand, and Uruguay, .
2014: England, Scotland., and Wales.
2015: Finland, Greenland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and United States (except for American Samoa)
2016: Colombia
2017: Germany, and Malta.
2018: Australia
2019: Taiwan (the first country in Asia), Austria. 14,22
Mexico City legalized same-sex marriages in late 2009. Some states in Mexico have since done the same.
The media cannot quite agree exactly how many countries have attained marriage equality. This is because England and Wales are sometimes counted as one country and sometimes as two. Also, some media accounts date same-sex marriage to the time when the enabling bill is signed into law, while others date them to when the law came into effect.
Northern Ireland remains the only large, developed, predominately English speaking country that continues to deny the right of same-sex couples to marry.
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Other aspects of same-sex marriage (SSM) discussed in this section:
SSM is very controversial. The central government in almost every country is responsible for defining marriage eligibility. However, in the U.S., marriage is defined at the state level. This means a total of 57 separate battles -- one in each of 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government and the five U.S. territories (three of which are in the Pacific Ocean, and two in the Atlantic). The current status is shown below.
At its peak, prohibiting same-sex marriage seems to have assumed greater importance recently among religious and social conservatives than even restricting women's access to abortion. Part of the opposition is due to beliefs promoted by some conservative faith groups about the nature of sexual orientation. Some common beliefs are:
That everyone is born heterosexual but that some people choose to become gay or lesbian later in life;
That homosexuality is an addiction similar to drug dependence or alcoholism. Once some people try same-gender sexual activity, they become "hooked"on it.
That children who are sexually abused by adults of the same gender are much more likely to become gay or lesbian during their teen or early adult years.
That adults who engage in same-gender sexual activity can become heterosexual through effort involving prayer and therapy;
That abusive pedophilia -- adults sexually molesting pre-pubertal children -- is much more common among gays and lesbians than among heterosexuals.
That children raised in families headed by a same-sex couple do not thrive as well as children raised by an opposite-sex couple.
All of the above are denied by numerous professional mental health organizations like the American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, etc. and by human sexuality researchers. Unfortunately, little or no dialogue is occurring among these associations and faith groups to resolve their differences. They remain far apart on fundamental understanding of sexual orientation.
Additional religious beliefs commonly found among conservative faith groups are:
That all persons who engage in same-gender sexual activity will spend eternity after death in Hell. This belief often causes great emotional pain to the LGBT community as well as parents of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender individuals.
That homosexual behavior is hated by God.
That if same-sex marriage becomes more common in the U.S. that God will retaliate at some point by causing one or more horrendous natural disasters as he did at Sodom and Gomorrah, and later during the time of Noah, with great loss of life. 2 Fear of God's punishment is a main motivator among many religious conservatives which causes them to strongly oppose SSM.
Many recent court rulings have determined that those states that have banned same-sex marriage through legislation and/or by amending their constitution have violated the equal protection and/or the due process clauses of the U.S. Constitution's 14th Amendment. These states can expect to have same-sex marriage eventually legalized by rulings of one of their federal District Courts because of these violations.
Since 2011, national polls have regularly showed that most Americans favor legalizing SSM. Support is increasing, and opposition is dropping, each by 1 to 2 percentage points/year.
Previous to 2012, referendums in two states terminated SSMs: California in 2008 and Maine in 2009. These votes temporarily prevented new SSMs. They were passed with about a 6 percentage point margin. The most recent referendums on SSM were held on 2012-NOV-06 to restore SSM in Maine, and legalize SSM in Maryland, and Washington State. All three states legalized SSM with about a 5 percentage point margin. Overall gain in margin over four years was about 11 percentage points.
Support for equal rights and benefits for same-sex couples appears to be accelerating. It is at least partly caused by a generational shift: The vast majority of teens support marriage equality. Most senior citizens still oppose marriage equality, but are leaving the voter pool because of disability or death.
A large and growing percentage of the adult population believes that marriage equality is inevitable.
An increasing number of religious and social conservatives are diverting their energy away from preventing same-sex marriage. They are working harder to establish the right of individuals, companies and churches to actively discriminate against the LGBT community without running afoul of state human rights legislation. They promote this in the name of religious freedom. But it is not religious freedom in the historical meaning of the term, which includes the freedom of belief, freedom to assemble, freedom of religious speech, freedom to proselytize, etc. It is a recently emerged meaning for religious freedom: the religiously-based freedom to oppress and discriminate against others. Few seem to realize that the ethic of reciprocity -- a.k.a. Golden Rule -- requires Christians and followers of other religions to do the exact opposite.
One of many points of view:
Other topics covered in greater detail:
Introductory material:
Background material: <<< Please read some of these essays first!
On 2014-OCT-06, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to not review four rulings that dealt with marriage equality that were issued by three U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal. This quickly added five new states to the places where marriage licenses are available to same-sex couples. It also set up six additional states where marriages should have been immediately made available. These are states that are under the jurisdiction of these same three U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal. Kansas and South Carolina. They initially resisted this precedent but were forced to comply by late 2014-NOV.
In those states where same-sex marriage was still not allowed, there were many lawsuits active attempting to attain marriage equality. There was at least case one in every state -- . Until same-sex marriage became available everywhere in the U.S., married same-sex couples had to be very careful where they lived and to where they traveled. A medical emergency could have become a life-or-death matter very quickly if it happened while they were one of the states shown below as red, orange or light blue.
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The second latest state to attain marriage equality before the U.S. Supreme Courts major ruling on 2015-JUN-26 was Alabama on 2015-FEB-09. However, marriage licenses were temporarily not available there because of a dispute between state and federal courts. The final state to attain marriage equality before the High Court ruling was Nebraska on 2015-MAR-02, shown in bright blue above.
As of 2015-MAR-03, the most recent changes in marriage status had involved three states that have changed from red (SSM banned) to black (SSM legal):
Kansas was 34th state to attain marriage equality on 2014-NOV-13. However, only some counties allow same-sex marriage.
Montana was 35th state on 2014-NOV-19.
South Carolina was 36th state 2014-NOV-20.
Florida was the 37th state on 2015-JAN-05.
Alabama was the 38th state on 2015-FEB-09.
Nebraska was the 39th state on 2015-MAR-02 (Shown in blue). A decision of a District Court has been appealed to the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals who might enforce a stay.
That left 12 states that still had not attained marriage equality.
As of 2015-MAR-03 marriage equality has been attained in 40 locations, including 39 states and the District of Columbia. They were:
Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington state, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming).
However;
The status of same-sex marriage in Missouri was in a state of flux. It was available only in St. Louis and Kansas City, MO.
In Nebraska, the state has appealed the ruling of a federal District Court to the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals who might place a stay on the lower court ruling.
At least one lawsuit seeking marriage equality is active in each of the remaining 11 states which currently ban same-sex marriage as shown above.
The current state of same-sex marriage in the U.S. is very similar to to the situation regarding interracial marriages prior to a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court to legalize such marriages in across the entire U.S. in 1967.
The vast majority of Americans now believe that marriage equality is inevitable across the U.S. in the near future. There are signs that:
Non-profit groups who have been promoting marriage equality are beginning to shift their emphasis towards protecting the LGBT community from discrimination in employment, accommodation, etc.
Non profits who have been resisting marriage equality are now beginning to emphasize changes in local and state human rights legislation so that individuals and public accommodations will have the religious freedom to actively discriminate against same-sex couples. Such discrimination violates one of the main tenets of their faith -- the Golden Rule. However, this conflict is generally ignored and rarely discussed.
The slow progress towards marriage equality by U.S. state, district and territory:
As of 2015-MAR-03, same-sex couple were able to marry in 37 states and Washington DC.
Over 70% of Americans live in a location that has attained marriage equality.
In four states, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee, federal District Courts had ruled in favor of marriage equality. A three-judge panel of the 6th U.S. Court of Appeals subsequently reversed their rulings by a close, 2 to 1, vote. During 2015-JAN, the U.S. Supreme Court accepted all four cases for appeal, and held hearings on the case. Obergefell v. Hodges, during 2015-APR-28. The high court is issued its ruling on 2015-JUN-26 whichlegalized same-sex marriage everywhere across the U.S. except for the Territory of American Samoa. As of 2015-NOV, the status of SSM in that territory is still unclear. Resolution may be attainable only through the territorial courts.
Status of SSM elsewhere in the world:
As of 2014-DEC-01, eighteen countries had either legalized SSM or have passed laws to attain marriage equality at some date in the near future when laws become effective. They are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Iceland, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and Uruguay.
Mexico, and the United States are unlike other countries, in that marriage laws are defined by individual states. Some, but not all, state governments in these countries have legalized SSM.
1990 to now: An overview listing the main events in the battle for marriage equality in the U.S. & the rest of the world: 
Worldwide SSM status as of 2017-DEC:
Canada: 